Wednesday, November 27, 2019

Chesapeake Society (Maryland And Virginia) Example

Chesapeake Society (Maryland And Virginia) Example Chesapeake Society (Maryland And Virginia) – Coursework Example Chesapeake Society Chesapeake Society Chesapeake society refers to colonizers from England who moved to North America tocolonize the newly discovered America. The Society covered the states of Maryland and Virginia whose inhabitants were farmers. In their need for labor, planters sought immigrants who had moved to America in search of better livelihoods1. Their desire for better livelihoods made the immigrants work for their masters for an agreed period usually between four and seven years. The farmers considered immigrants their personal property and their descendants were sold like any other property. Chesapeake society believed in servants and not slaves.The life of indentured servants was very harsh, and they endured difficult working condition with no pay until the period end, however, they were not slaves. Laws governing the stay of servants were set and followed to the later. When servants broke these laws, punishment involved working for more years. Some laws applied solely t o women servants if they had children with their masters; they were made to work for two more years after the expiry of their masters’ term2.The servants were mainly immigrants who came looking for a better life requiring them to work for possession after a given period. Upon expiry of the agreed period, servants were given their freedom package. This was as per the contract and included land, livestock’s and other necessities for settlement in the new world. Many of the servants had undergone much suffering and would just be satisfied to earn their freedom while others rose to become part of the leadership. When the cost of servants and demand for labor rose, landowners were threatened by the demand for the freedom package and turned to African slaves because of their number and cheap services.BibliographyTate, Thad W., and David Ammerman. 1979. The Chesapeake in the seventeenth century: essays on Anglo-American society. New York: Norton.Russo, Jean Burrell, and J. El liott Russo. 2012. Planting an empire: the early Chesapeake in British North America. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.

Saturday, November 23, 2019

Introduction to Behavioral Economics

Introduction to Behavioral Economics Behavioral economics is, in a way, at the intersection of economics and psychology. In fact, the behavioral in behavioral economics can be thought of as the analog of the behavioral in behavioral psychology.   On one hand, traditional economic theory assumes that people are perfectly rational, patient, computationally proficient little economic robots that know objectively what makes them happy and make choices that maximize this happiness. (Even if traditional economists acknowledge that people aren’t perfect utility-maximizers, they usually argue that the deviations are random rather than showing evidence of consistent biases.) How Behavioral Economics Differs From Traditional Economic Theory Behavioral economists, on the other hand, know better. They aim to develop models which account for the facts that people procrastinate, are impatient, aren’t always good decision-makers when decisions are hard (and sometimes even avoid making decisions altogether), go out of their way to avoid what feels like a loss, care about things like fairness in addition to economic gain, are subject to psychological biases which make them interpret information in biased ways, and so on. These deviations from traditional theory are necessary if economists are to understand empirically how people make decisions about what to consume, how much to save, how hard to work, how much schooling to get, etc. Furthermore, if economists understand the biases that people exhibit that lower their objective happiness, they can put on a bit of a prescriptive, or normative, hat in either a policy or a general life advice sense. The History of Behavioral Economics Technically speaking, behavioral economics was first acknowledged by Adam Smith back in the eighteenth century, when he noted that human psychology is imperfect and that these imperfections could have an impact on economic decisions. This idea was mostly forgotten, however, until the Great Depression, when economists such as Irving Fisher and Vilfredo Pareto started thinking about the human factor in economic decision-making as a potential explanation for the stock market crash of 1929 and the events that transpired after. Economist Herbert Simon officially took up the behavioral economics cause in 1955 when he coined the term bounded rationality as a way to acknowledge that humans dont possess infinite decision-making capabilities. Unfortunately, Simons ideas werent initially given a lot of attention (though Simon did win a Nobel Prize in 1978) until a couple of decades later. Behavioral economics as a significant field of economic research is often thought to have started with the work of psychologists Daniel Kahneman and Amos Tversky. In 1979, Kahneman and Tversky published a paper entitled Prospect Theory that offers a framework for how people frame economic outcomes as gains and losses and how this framing affects peoples economic decisions and choices. Prospect theory, or the idea that people dislike losses more than they like equivalent gains, is still one of the main pillars of behavioral economics, and it is consistent with a number of observed biases that traditional models of utility and risk aversion cannot explain. Behavioral economics has come a long way since the initial work of Kahneman and Tversky- the first conference on behavioral economics was held at the University of Chicago in 1986, David Laibson became the first official behavioral economics professor in 1994, and the Quarterly Journal of Economics devoted an entire issue to behavioral economics in 1999. That said, behavioral economics is still a very new field, so there is a lot more left to learn.

Thursday, November 21, 2019

Wireless security beyond 802.1x Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Wireless security beyond 802.1x - Essay Example However, many consider the IPsec an improvement on the 802.1x. However, to ascertain the truth, we need to carry out an analysis of the protection provided by the different technologies. The 802.1x assists in controlling access to a computer network. The technology is a port-based access control method that is defined by the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineering which can be configured to require mandatory authentication between the network and the client. Communications become impossible without the authentication. Many people consider the 802.1x technology as the foundation of wireless security. However, deploying the 802.1x technology has its challenges. The technology requires devices that are compatible with 802.1x . The technology has weakness in its protocol, as it only authenticates at the establishment of a connection. Further connection does not require authentication, resulting in security risks (Al-Shaer, 2014). Additionally, the technology does not have centralized management capability. As such, the IPsec VPN became introduced. The Virtual Private Networks based on IPsec allow a layer of security to become a part of the wireless network, allowing for the protection of all traffic that flows in and out of the network. The method has several advantages over 802.1x including; Invisibility - Since the technology is based at the network level, it remains invisible in its operations (Snader, 2014). The end users do not have to learn its existence, nor do they have to interact directly with it, which is different from the 802.1x technology that requires authentication from clients. Lack of dependence on applications - The IPsec technology does not depend on applications to become effective, as the s=entire system is operated at the network level. As such, it avoids compatibility issues, which are common in 802.1x systems. Broken algorithms - A number of key algorithms used by the IPsec have been cracked,